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Toona ciliata

M.Roem. (1846)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Meliaceae Genus: Toona

Australian red cedar

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Fast–growing trees to ca. 20–30 m tall.

Stems: Bark thick, fibrous, bitter, astringent.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves compound (pinnate). Alternate. Leaflets narrowly ovate to lanceolate, usually 3–6 dm long, leaflets 10–14(–18), 4.5–16 cm long. Apex acute to caudate. Base inequilateral. Surfaces glabrous or at least sparsely pubescent. Leaflet margins entire. Petiolate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in many-branched thyrses. Flowers unisexual (with well–developed rudiments of the opposite sex present). Calyx (4)5-lobed, lobes ca. 1 mm long. Corolla of 5 petals, distinct, white, ca. 5–6 mm long, margins ciliate, longer than calyx in bud, imbricate, adnate at base to a short androgynophore. Stamens 5, distinct, arising from the androgynophore, staminal filaments ca. 2 mm long, staminodes absent; anthers of staminate flowers yellow, dehiscent; on pistillate flowers smaller, brown and shriveled, indehiscent, not producing pollen. Ovary superior, 5-celled; ovules 6–10 per cell, ovary and style glabrous; style capitate; in staminate flowers ovary more slender, cells well–developed and style longer.

Fruit: Capsules reddish brown; pendulous; septicidal; with some lighter spots; ellipsoid; 2–2.8 cm long; opening by 5–valves; the columella 5–angled. Seeds brown; thin; dry; the embryo portion ca. 1–2 mm long; with 2 wings; the longer one ca. 5–12 mm long; the other ca. ½ as long.

Ploidy: 2n = 56

Habitat: Mesic to wet; disturbed habitats.

Elevation Range: 25–610 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Synonyms (66)

Cedrela australis F.Muell. (1858)
Cedrela brevipetiolulata Haines (1921)
Cedrela febrifuga Forsten (1836)
Cedrela hainesii C.DC. (1908)
Cedrela hexandra Wall. (1831)
Cedrela kingii C.DC. (1908)
Cedrela mannii C.DC. (1908)
Cedrela microcarpa C.DC. (1878)
Cedrela mollis Hand.-Mazz. (1920)
Cedrela multijuga Kurz (1872)
Cedrela serrulata Miq. (1861)
Cedrela teysmannii Hassk. (1858)
Cedrela toona (Kuntze) C.DC. (1908)
Cedrela toona var. australis (Kuntze) C.DC. (1908)
Cedrela toona var. grandiflora C.DC. (1878)
Cedrela toona var. parviflora Benth. (1863)
Cedrela toona var. pubescens Franch. (1886)
Cedrela toona var. vestita C.T.White (1920)
Cedrela tuna Oken (1841)
Cedrela velutina DC. (1824)
Dracontomelon multijugum Radlk. ex C.DC. (1908)
Surenus australis Kuntze (1891)
Surenus microcarpa Kuntze (1891)
Surenus serrulata (Miq.) Kuntze (1891)
Surenus teysmannii (Hassk.) Kuntze (1891)
Surenus toona (Roxb. ex Rottler & Willd.) Kuntze (1891)
Toona australis (F.Muell.) Harms (1896)
Toona ciliata subsp. nepalensis (C.DC.) Panigrahi (1974)
Toona ciliata var. australis (F.Muell.) C.DC. (1988)
Toona ciliata var. brevipetiolulata (Haines) S.C.Mishra & Panigrahi (1988)
Toona ciliata var. hainesii (C.DC.) Panigrahi & S.C.Mishra (1988)
Toona ciliata var. haslettii (Haines) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. hexandra (Wall.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. kingii (C.DC.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. latifolia (C.DC.) Chandrab. (1977)
Toona ciliata var. listeri (C.DC.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. mollis (Hand.-Mazz.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. multijuga (Kurz) Panigrahi & S.C.Mishra (1988)
Toona ciliata var. parviflora (Benth.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. pilipetala (C.DC.) N.C.Nair & Kumari (1983)
Toona ciliata var. pubescens (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. (1933)
Toona ciliata var. pubinervis (C.DC.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. sublaxiflora (C.DC.) C.Y.Wu (1977)
Toona ciliata var. vestita (C.T.White) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ciliata var. yunnanensis (C.DC.) C.Y.Wu (1977)
Toona hainesii (C.DC.) Harms (1940)
Toona hexandra (Wall.) M.Roem. (1846)
Toona hexandra subsp. velutina (DC.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. gamblei (C.DC.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. griffithiana (Pierre) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. haslettii (Haines) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. kingii (C.DC.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. listeri (C.DC.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. mollis (Hand.-Mazz.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. parviflora (Benth.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona hexandra var. pubinervis (C.DC.) S.M.Almeida & M.R.Almeida (1995)
Toona kingii (C.DC.) Harms (1940)
Toona mannii (C.DC.) Harms (1940)
Toona microcarpa (C.DC.) Harms (1896)
Toona microcarpa var. pilipetala (C.DC.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona mollis (Hand.-Mazz.) A.Chev. (1944)
Toona serrulata (Miq.) Harms (1896)
Toona sureni (Misapplied)
Toona sureni var. cochinchinensis (Pierre) Bahadur (1988)
Toona sureni var. teysmannii (Hassk.) Bahadur (1988)
Toona ternatensis (Miq.) Bahadur (1988)

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean
Wind

Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: 139 (1846)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:920 (K, O, L, M, H [as T. ciliata var. australis]); Herbst & Wagner 1999:24 (Syn. T. c. var. australis = T. ciliata); Staples & Herbst 2005:398 (KEY), 401 (DESCR); Oppenheimer 2007:27 (Mo)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Toona ciliata Honolulu, Kamanele Park Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8738 Oahu BISH 1932-01-01
2 Toona ciliata Onini Gulch Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1983-09-14
3 Toona ciliata Waiahole, Water Reserve Preserved_Specimen Saito, F. Oahu BISH 1962-05-22
4 Toona ciliata Wilhelmina Rise, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, D.D. Oahu BISH 1943-10-01
5 Toona ciliata Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. Oahu BISH 1946-06-01
6 Toona ciliata Honolulu, UH Campus Preserved_Specimen Octavio, A.M. Oahu BISH 1929-11-23
7 Toona ciliata [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; O`ahu; Hawai`i; Honolulu] Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Oahu BISH
8 Toona ciliata Honolulu, Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. Oahu BISH 1929-03-31
9 Toona ciliata Honolulu, Tantalus Preserved_Specimen Weber, P.W. Oahu BISH 1945-05-25
10 Toona ciliata Onini Gulch Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1983-09-14
11 Toona ciliata Honolulu: Manoa Valley; University of Hawaii Manoa Campus Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. Oahu BISH 1962-01-20
12 Toona ciliata Honolulu: Kamanele Park Planted. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11009 Oahu BISH 1932-05-15
13 Toona ciliata Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH
14 Toona ciliata Lanai flats mauka of pineapple fields; dark forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 24561 Lanai BISH 1957-08-13
15 Toona ciliata Koloa District. Wahiawa drainage, North of Hulua, south of Waimea-Koloa district boundary, Lihue-Koloa Forest reserve, north of Kanele swamp Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis wet forest. Antidesma platyphylla, Ilex anomala, Polyscias waialeale, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, Bobea brevipes, Psychotria mariniana, Cyanea kahilensis, weeds: Psidium cattleianum Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 meter ht with white flowers Perlman, S. 23476 Kauai BISH 2013-05-23
16 Toona ciliata Waiakea Arboretum,Waiakea Forest Preserve,5m,S.of Hilo Secondary forest. Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 23041 Hawaii BISH 1968-06-02
17 Toona ciliata East Maui, Hana, along highway 10 mi from town forming overstory of a closed forest with Psidium-Hedychium ferns and grasses as under growth Preserved_Specimen 50-55 x 18 tree. Leaves alternate; compound; 40 cm long; leaflets opposite, 14 cm long ovate, dark green on top, light green below Spence, G. 74 Maui BISH 1972-10-15
18 Toona ciliata Central Koolaus, Kaluanui, near summit. UTM: 611241, 2385331. Wet to mesic, native dominated habitat. Preserved_Specimen Sapling about 1 - 2 m tall, leaflets senescing reddish, appearing resinous. Reynolds, L.S. 2014120401 Oahu BISH 2014-12-04
19 Toona ciliata Honolulu; Foster Botanic Garden In full sun. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 m. tall. Lau, J. 3003 Oahu BISH 1986-12-09
20 Toona ciliata Hawaii County, Hawaii Island, Roadside on Stainback Highway, ca 6 km W of Hilo Roadside. Preserved_Specimen Tree ca 20 m tall with shaggy, peeling (flaking) bark. Old and immature ofrts collected, mature frts brown, immature green. Silica sample deposited in the BBG Lab tissue collection. Pell, S.K. 830 Hawaii BISH 2008-08-09
21 Toona ciliata Mokuleia Forest Reserve, 5 mi S of Haleiwa roadside Preserved_Specimen 50' x 8 tree Little Jr., E.L. 31044 Oahu BISH 1976-08-11
22 Toona ciliata Kamanele Park Preserved_Specimen Tree 25 ft. w/furrowed bard. Leaves pinnately coumpound w/13-28 leaflets. Leaf length to 24 . Capsules dehiscent, 5-valved; glabrous. Ishikawa, S. 37 Oahu BISH 1972-01-17
23 Toona ciliata Uppermost Onini Gulch. Mesic forest to mesic shrubland. Preserved_Specimen Erect woody tree, 20 m tall, occasional. Leaves with 14 leaflets, lanceolate and glabrous. Seeds brown. State timber planting. Hughes, G.D. 25 Molokai BISH 1992-03-04
24 Toona ciliata Wailua Game Reserve, above Wailua. Begetaion on plots stripmined for bauxite ore in 1958-60. Tree plot area. Fertilizer applied topically Preserved_Specimen Tree of 10 m., fruit green, drying brown, many seedlings and saplings around. Howard, R.A. 20226 Kauai BISH 1985-10-20
25 Toona ciliata Kalaupapa, E end Preserved_Specimen Large trees. Oppenheimer, H.L. 60727 Molokai BISH 2007-06-30
26 Toona ciliata Kamanele Park Preserved_Specimen Tree 25 ft. w/furrowed bard. Leaves pinnately coumpound w/13-28 leaflets. Leaf length to 24 . Capsules dehiscent, 5-valved; glabrous. Ishikawa, S. 37 Oahu BISH 1972-01-17
27 Toona ciliata Hilo? Preserved_Specimen Bark and lvs. oderless; fls.white; fr.ripe, seeds 2-winged. Bryan, L.W. 2 Hawaii BISH 1956-12-26
28 Toona ciliata Vicinity of Maunahui Preserved_Specimen Trees. Oppenheimer, H.L. 110620 Molokai BISH 2006-11-27
29 Toona ciliata Cultivated near Sinclair Library, University of Hawaii Manoa Campus Preserved_Specimen Tree with light-colored, somewhat scaly bark; pendent inflorescences of whitish flowers. Herbst, D.R. 636 Oahu BISH 1967-10-07
30 Toona ciliata Honolulu, UH Campus Preserved_Specimen fruit, unripe, 2-winged seeds, white Woolford, H.A. Oahu BISH 1952-03-12
31 Toona ciliata Honolulu: Kamanele Park Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8776 Oahu BISH 1932-05-01
32 Toona ciliata Along jeep road to Kanaele Swamp (Wahiawa Bog) between bog & Alexander Reservoir Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5001 Kauai BISH 1983-08-27
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